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Puntland: Historical Images

Dedicated for Puntland politics and affairs.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Sun May 05, 2013 6:10 pm

Pillars of a 17th Century Mosque in Hafun aka Opone.

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Ras Hafun is home to numerous ancient structures and ruins. The peninsula is believed to be the location of the old trade emporium of Opone. The latter is mentioned in the anonymous Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written in the first century CE. Opone is described therein as a busy port city, strategically located on the trade route that spanned the length of the Indian Ocean's rim. Merchants from as far afield as Indonesia and Malaysia passed through the settlement. As early as 50 CE, the area was well known as a center for the cinnamon trade, along with the barter of cloves and other spices, ivory, exotic animal skins and incense.

In the 1970s, a Somali-British archaeological expedition in Hafun and other parts of northern Somalia recovered numerous examples of historical artefacts and structures, including ancient coins, Roman pottery, drystone buildings, cairns, mosques, walled enclosures, standing stones and platform monuments. Many of the finds were of pre-Islamic origin and associated with city-states and trading centers described in ancient documents. The Damo site, in particular, was said to correspond with the Periplus' "Market and Cape of Spices". Some of the smaller artefacts that the company found were subsequently deposited for preservation at the British National Museum.[1]

A later expedition in Hafun led by an archaeological team with the University of Michigan excavated Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Persian Gulf pottery. In the 1980s, the British Institute in East Africa also recovered pre-Islamic Partho-Sassanid ceramics from the peninsula, which were dated to the first century BCE and the second through fifth centuries CE.[2]

Additionally, Hafun is home to an ancient necropolis. Similar historical structured areas exist in various other parts of the country.[3]

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Mon May 06, 2013 11:29 am

Taleex

The ruins of the ancient city of Taleh ( Taleex), a historical town in the northeastern Sool region of Puntland. It served as the headquarters of the pre-independence Dervish movement. It’s renown for its large fort which was built around a collection of Dervish tombs, the earliest of which was that of Carro Seed Magan, the mother of Mohammed Abdulla Hasan.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Mon May 06, 2013 1:57 pm

Cape of Spices: Qandala

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Qandala is an ancient port city located on the Gulf of Aden. A diary dated to 50 CE indicates that Qandala was a trade centre for cinnamon and spices. This trade seems to be evidence that the people were seafarers who traveled to the Far East, as far as present-day India and China.

Apart from gums, ivory, animal skins and incense, the rise of the coastal trading post was due to the commercial opportunities the port generated. Ancient migration routes joined Gulf countries to Qandala. Archaeological evidence suggests that Qandala may have been an important trading center in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, participating in East Africa’s trade with the Middle East and Asia. Qandala City’s early name was “Gacanka Hodonka”, which means Gulf Of Prosperity referring to the Qandala community and to the successful traders of East Africa. One of the largest exports of Qandala is a traditional gum, which is exported to several countries in the Arabian Peninsula, Asia and Australia.
Ancient migration routes joined Gulf countries to Qandala. Archaeological evidence suggests that Qandala may have been an important trading centre in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, participating in East Africa's trade with the Middle East and Asia.


Qandala's Beden boats (ancient maritime vessels)
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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 16, 2013 5:15 pm

"Ciidiisa udgoon baa aduunka ku caanee"- Cape of Spices aka Dal-Udug :blessed:

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 16, 2013 5:23 pm

HISTORY OF GOVERNANCE PART I ( PRE-IMPERIALISM)

The northeast region of Somalia has, since August 1st, 1998, been referred to as Puntland State of Somalia. The territory is characterized by vast semi-arid range lands on which nomadic pastoralists raise herds of camels, goats and sheep. There are also a number of small towns and small coastal settlements where people practice rudimentary fishing.

The economy is primarily dependent on pastoralism, the livestock trade, and the import and export of goods at the port of Bosaaso on the northeast coast. Stretching from the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean to the north and east, to south Mudug region in central Somalia and bordering Ethiopia and Somaliland in the west, the area encompasses the traditional territory of the Harti clan group of the Darood clan-family and a number of other Darood clans and is considered one of the most homogeneous Somali regions.

Although pre-colonial Somali society did not have a national government with modern structures and clearly defined international borders, the northeast region had traditional structures of government dating from the 18th century. These traditional structures of government included:

The Sultanate of Migiurtinia (mid 18th century - 1927)

The Sultanate of Obbio (1878–1925)

The Warsangeli Sultanate of Sanaag (1896–1925)

The Dervish State (1899 -1920)

These Sultanates had administrative and military structures, which safeguarded security, social welfare and political stability until they were disrupted by colonial powers (the Italians in the first two Sultanates and the British in the last two).
As Prof. Said Samatar of Rutgers University put it:

"In precolonial times the only states worthy of the name in the Somali peninsula had been the Migiurtin Sultanate of Boqor, or king, 'Ismaan Mohamuud in the Baargaal-Boosaaso region on the extreme eastern coast and the kingdom of Obbia (Hobyo) belonging to 'Ismaan's nephew, the dour Yuusuf Ali Keenadiid. These were both highly centralized states with all the organs and accoutrements of an integrated modern state--a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a functioning bureaucracy, a flag, an army and a not insignificant network of foreign relations with embassies abroad.
Nowhere else in Somalia did anything even remotely comparable ever arise, except perhaps the Ujuuraan on the Shabeelle valley and Adal on the northwestern coast, both states having reached the apogee of power in the sixteenth century. In modern times theMigiurtin stand alone, absolutely alone, in having created a centralized state. This means that the Migiurtin clan in general, and the Migiurtin elite in particular, have a seasoned, unique experience in the nature and processes of statecraft that no other Somali group possesses. "

The Warsangeli Sultanate was noted for its robust tax-based centralized administration and trade and commercial relations existed between the Sultanates, the Indian sub-continent and Arabian Gulf states. For instance, ad valorem taxation systems, export of livestock, animal and agro-forestry products and import of consumer goods thrived in the Sultanate of Migiurtinia during the second half of the 19th century and first quarter of the 20th century.


In Puntland, “Isim” (singular) or “Isimo” (plural), the traditional titled leaders or paramount chiefs, are usually crowned in a traditional ceremony known as “’Aano-Shub” (meaning crowning with milk, pouring milk on the head) or “’Aleemo-Saar” (meaning showering with green leaves). The highest traditional position for the Darood clan is the Boqor (king), with other positions denoted as Ugaas, Garaad, Islan, Beeldaaje, Sultan, Qud, Caaqil (chief), Nabaddon, Samadoon and Oday.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 16, 2013 5:30 pm

WAR AGAINST ITALIANS


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In 1925, Omar Samatar, one of the military chiefs of Sultan Ali Yusuf of The Sultanate of Obbio, led a rebellion against the Italians that culminated in the recapturing of El-Buur on November 9, 1925. Soon the rebellion expanded to the local population and the region went into revolt as El-Dheere also came under the control of Omar Samatar. The Italian forces tried to recapture El-Buur but they were repulsed.
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On November 15,1925 the Italians retreated to Bud Bud and on the way they were ambushed and suffered heavy casualties. As a consequence of the death of the commander of the operations and the effect of two failed operations intended to overcome the El-Buur mutiny, the spirit of Italian troops began to wane. 8-) Meanwhile, the rebellion was gaining sympathy across the country and as far a field as Western Somaliland.


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The fascist government was surprised by the setback in Obbio (Hobyo). The whole policy of conquest was collapsing under their nose. The El-Buur episode drastically changed the strategy of Italy as it revived memories of the Adwa fiasco when Italy had been defeated by Abyssinia. Governor De Vecchi took the situation seriously, and to prevent any more failure he requested two battalions from Eritrea to reinforce his troops, and assumed lead of the operations. Rome instructed De Vecchi that he was to receive the reinforcement from Eritrea, but that the commander of the two battalions was to temporarily assume the military command of the operations and De Vecchi was to stay in Muqdisho and confine himself to other colonial matters. Fascist Italy was poised to re-conquer the Sultanate by any means necessary.

On the military front, on December, 26, 1925 Italian troops finally overran El-Buur, and the forces of Omar Samatar were compelled to retreat to Western Somaliland. Samatar led some followers across the border into Ethiopia and campaigned against Italians in the Ogaden at frontier posts.

By neutralizing the Sultanate of Obbio, the fascists could concentrate on Migiurtinia. In early October 1924, E. Coronaro, the new Alula commissioner, presented Boqor Cusmaan Boqor Maxamuud with an ultimatum to disarm and surrender. Meanwhile, Italian troops began to pour into the sultanate in anticipation of this operation. While landing at Hafun and Alula, the sultanate’s troops opened fire on them. Fierce fighting ensued and to avoid escalating the conflict and to press the fascist government to revoke their policy, Boqor Cusmaan tried to open a dialogue. However, he failed, and again fighting broke out between the two parties. Following this disturbance, on 7 October the Governor instructed Coronaro to order the Boqor to surrender; to intimidate the people he ordered the seizure of all merchant boats in the Alula area. At Hafun, the Italians bombarded and destroyed all the boats in the area.


DESTRUCTION OF HAFUN BY ITALIANS

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BOMBARDMENT OF BARGAAL

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Last edited by Guul13 on Thu May 16, 2013 6:21 pm, edited 7 times in total.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 16, 2013 5:36 pm

The attempt of the colonizers to suppress the region erupted into an explosive confrontation. The Italians were meeting fierce resistance on many fronts.


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Alula Warriors


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October 30, 1925. Eritrean Ascari’s following the fall of Bargal to Italian forces.

The Ascari’s landed on the beach of Bargal on Oct 28, 1925 but were attacked by rebel forces and forced to find safety inside in a mosque. The battle would last for 22 hours.

In December 1925, led by the charismatic leader Hersi Boqor, son of Boqor Cusmaan, the sultanate forces drove the Italians out of Hurdiyo and Hafun, two strategic coastal towns. Another contingent attacked and destroyed an Italian communications center at Cape Guardafui, at the tip of the Horn. In retaliation, and to demoralize the resistance, Italian warships were ordered to target and bombard the sultanate’s coastal towns and villages. In the interior the Italian troops confiscated livestock.

After a violent confrontation Italian forces captured Eyl, which until then had remained in the hands of Hersi Boqor. In response to the unyielding situation, Italy called for reinforcements from their other colonies, notably Eritrea. :shock: FULEEYSANA

With their arrival at the closing of 1926, the Italians began to move into the interior where they had not been able to venture since their first seizure of the coastal towns. Their attempt to capture the Dharoor Valley was resisted, and ended in failure. :oops: :lol:
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De Vecchi had to reassess his plans as he was being humiliated on many fronts. After one year of exerting full force he could not yet manage to gain total control over the sultanate.
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In spite of the fact that the Italian navy sealed the sultanate’s main coastal entrance, they could not succeed in stopping them from receiving arms and ammunition through it. It was only early 1927 when they finally succeeded in shutting the northern coast of the sultanate, thus cutting arms and ammunition supplies for Migiurtinia. By this time, the balance had tilted to the Italians’ side, and in January 1927 they began to attack with massive force, capturing Iskushuban, at the heart of Migiurtinia. Hersi Boqor unsuccessfully attacked and challenged the Italians at Iskushuban. By the end of the 1927, the Italians had nearly taken control of the sultanate. Hersi Boqor and his troops retreated to Ethiopia in order to rebuild their forces, but were unable to retake their territories, effectively ending the Campaign of the Sultanates.

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Migiurtinia was the last region to fall to the Italian colonists.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 16, 2013 6:41 pm

" waxa jira ciidan, ciidiisa ilaasha, curad iyo geesi, ciroole iyo wiil"

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Last edited by Guul13 on Thu May 16, 2013 7:01 pm, edited 4 times in total.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 16, 2013 6:43 pm

Sultan Keenadiid's Marine Force- Hobyo Division

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Great-Grandfathers of PMPF

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:mrgreen:

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Mon May 20, 2013 4:50 pm

Ruins of Dhuudo fort built by Boqor Osman, image was taken in 1975



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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Thu May 23, 2013 4:30 pm

Ruins of Bandar Ziyada (Qaw) and Bandar Qaasiim (Bosaso)


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Bandar Qasim ( Bosaso), known as Mosylon by the ancient Greeks, is a strategically located port city in the Bari region of Puntland. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea indicates that ancient Greek merchants sailed to Bandar Qasim, providing notes about the strategic and geographical location.

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Located just outside of Bandar Qasim, Bandar Ziyada (Qaw) is an ancient town that was active in the Horn of Africa’s ancient trade system. The town was destroyed by the British colonialists when colonial rule divided the Somali territory into five parts since it lay on the borderline between British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Bilis » Fri May 24, 2013 3:02 pm

Mashallah great history sxb... keep it coming :clap:

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Bilis » Fri May 24, 2013 3:04 pm

Sultanate of Hobyo

The Sultanate of Obbia was a 19th century Somali kingdom in present-day central Somalia established by Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid cousin of the Boqor Uthman Mahamud, the ruler of the Kingdom of Miguirtina.

Sultan

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Map
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Stamp

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Script

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Hobyo Cavalry

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Hobyo
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Mash'Allah great history sxb... keep it coming :clap:

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby Guul13 » Sun May 26, 2013 12:29 pm

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Postcard from the Colonial Era depicting Migiurtinia, Presently known as Bari, Puntland.

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Re: Puntland: Historical Images

Postby quark » Sun May 26, 2013 1:11 pm

:lupe: wow


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